Institut Néel Grenoble

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Quantum mechanics was developed initially to describe properties of electrons in atoms which could not be explained by the classical laws of physics. During the last decade, nanometre scale superconducting electrical circuits incorporating tunnel junctions for the superconducting electrons (Josephson junctions) have revealed puzzling properties at very low temperature that deviate from the classical laws of macroscopic electricity. Quantum mechanics is needed to des- cribe the current and voltage behaviour of these circuits. contrary to the hydrogen atom in which the wavefunction describes a single electron, in the superconducting circuit one has a macroscopic quantum state of all the superconducting electrons. However, because there are certain similarities to atoms, such as the quantization of energy levels, superposition of quantum states, and the interaction with an electromagnetic field, we call these circuits “artificial atoms”.Full text

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