Institut Néel Grenoble

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Phase transitions are ubiquitous : from the crystallization of water into ice, to the alignment of electron spins inside a magnet, to the emergence of superconductivity in a cooled metal. In the case of continuous, second-order, transitions, the transformation from one phase to the other does not come suddenly : it is generally announced by a strong increase in the fluctuations of an “order parameter”. The most familiar example is the phenomenon of critical opalescence, reflecting the increase in density fluctuations at the approach of the liquid-gas transition. (Full text)

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